Kleshas as the Root of Psychological Suffering: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Patanjali Yoga Sutra, Cognitive Psychology, and Neuroscience"

Abstract

The concept of Kleshas occupies a central position in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra as the fundamental cause of human suffering and psychological distress. Patanjali identifies five Kleshas—Avidya (ignorance), Asmita (ego-identification), Raga (attachment), Dvesha (aversion), and Abhinivesha (fear of death)—which influence human cognition, emotions, and behavior. This paper examines the theory of Kleshas through an interdisciplinary framework by integrating insights from Patanjali Yoga Sutra, cognitive psychology, and contemporary psychological studies. The study explores how ancient yogic concepts correspond to modern understandings of subconscious conditioning, cognitive distortions, attachment mechanisms, emotional regulation, and identity formation. The findings suggest that Patanjali’s model provides a comprehensive psychological framework for understanding the root causes of suffering and offers practical methods for mental transformation through self-awareness, ethical discipline, and meditative practices. The study further argues that the Yoga paradigm extends beyond conventional psychological models by incorporating consciousness as a distinct dimension of human experience. Thus, the Klesha theory remains highly relevant for contemporary mental health research and psychological well-being.